List of 10 sample essays for XAT exam

List of 10 sample essays for XAT exam on 1. Judicial Activism 2. What, in your opinion, are the causes of terrorism? 3. In what way ‘Medical Biotechnology’ and ‘Bioengineering’ are useful for technological development of India? 4. South-South Cooperation 5. India and the New World Order 6. India’s stand on agricultural issues in WTO’s Ministerial Conferences since Doha Round 7. The major extra-constitutional factors influencing the federal polity in India 8. Do you think there is a need for a review of the Indian Constitution? Justify your view 9. Indian National Satellite Systems 10. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Essays for XAT Exam

1. Judicial Activism

The form of government introduced by our constitution at the Union and the State is the Parliamentary government. According to this policy making is done by legislature, implementation is taken care by executive and judiciary is responsible for reviewing and also acts as guardian of constitution.

The concept of Judicial Activism is relatively new and judiciary is very active in all respect. Judicial activism means judiciary is taking active part where ever legislature is failing. The concept of judicial activism can be seen to be reflecting from the following trends namely.

• Expansion of rights of hearing in the administrative process
• Excessive delegation without limitation
• Expansion of judicial control over discretionary power
• Expansion of judicial review over the administration
• Promotion of open government and etc.

Judicial activism did not visit the High Courts and the Supreme Court for the first three decades of independence, after the end of Emergency, both SC and HC started showing the signs of judicial activism. They began to intervene in executive as well as legislative areas albeit cautiously. The first major case of judicial activism through social action litigation was the Bihar under-trials case.

Then, the SC began to take cognizance of custody deaths, bride burning and rape in police stations. It ordered that no women can be taken to a police station after dusk.
The entry of court into hitherto an chartered areas specially into the developmental areas has changed the dynamics of governance. Recently, Public interest Litigation has become a new power of judicial initiatives in new fields traditionally marked out as legislature and executive.

The coverage of PIL has become vast. They include civil and political rights-to a speedy trial, release of bonded labour, conditions of detertion, and economic and social issues, livelihood, primary education, environment pollution.

The Indian Supreme Court has sited the constitutional imperative of a welfare state as the cause of its PIL interventions. The duty of the court is not only to protect the Constitution by nullifying unconstitutional acts but further to advance and achieves Constitutional intent.

Activism counters the traditional concept that judiciary is a mere umpire’s it, on the contrary, should work as an active catalyst in the Constitutional scheme. It has to be an arm of social revolution.

2. What, in your opinion, are the causes of terrorism?

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. But over the years the face of terrorism has changed. It has become more lethal, more wide­spread more different to control.

Terrorism is the random use of violence to achieve political ends that inflicts damage on in­nocent people and property, creating terror or fear in them.

The terrorist aim at focusing, attention on his problem by destroying innocent people be­sides property.

Almost all the countries are facing the prob­lem of terrorism. Political,, economic and social causes are some of the causes for mushrooming of terrorism.

Technological advances has helped terror­ist group to arm themselves with advanced weap­ons.

Today’s terrorist groups are also having glo­bal network or have established contact with groups in different countries. International fund­ing has increased.

The nexus between terrorists and drug bar­ons has increased. Narcotics dealers having enough funds to finance the terrorists. There is growth of fundamentalism.

Socio-economic con­ditions of rising unemployment, lack of opportu­nity to earn a living, growing awareness of in­equality in distribution of wealth and well-being, exploitation at the hands of powers, are cre­ating a situation which encourages youth to join terrorist groups and others to support them.

Terrorism is not only a problem of India. It has become an international issue. There should be cooperation between countries to combat ter­rorism. Now terrorist groups have spread their tentacles anywhere and everywhere.

The modern face of terrorism can be combated only by a supe­rior intelligence network.

The law enforcement agency has to think faster and anticipate the terrorist movements. Here not only government can work, but-common people also have to coordinate. They have to take initiative to tackle this problem.

There should be coordinated and cooperative role required by gov­ernment, non-governmental organization and also the common people.

3. In what way ‘Medical Biotechnology’ and ‘Bioengineering’ are useful for technological development of India?

The potential of biotechnology has begun to emerge from the 20^th century. After the full knowledge of human genomes is available, biotechnology is going to play a major role in shaping the future drug discovery, drug delivery, diagnostic methodology, clinical trials.

Bioengineering is the application of engineering principles to address challenges in the field of biology and medicine, as a study, it encompasses biomedical engineering and it is related to biotechnology.

Bioengineering applies engineering principles to the full spectrum of living systems. This is achieved by utilizing existing methodologies in such field as molecular biology, biochemistry, microbiology, pharmacology, cytology, immunology, and neuroscience and apples them to the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, bio-compatible materials and other important medical needs.

Bioengineering is not only limited to the medical field. Bioengineers have the ability to export new opportunities and solve problems within the domain of complex systems.

Bioengineers can apply their experts to other applications of engineering and biotechnology, including genetic modifications of plants and micro organisms, bio-process engineering and bio-catalysis.

This ‘Medical Biotechnology’ and ‘Bioengineering’ makes India scientifically developed. Bioengineering helps is the agriculture and industry. By applying bioengineering agriculture productively can be increased. In industry efficiency of the products can be increased.

As of now, India has become medical tourism destination. This is because improved medical facility in the country.

Therefore, Medical biotechnology helps to have still more improved technology. This makes medical facility of the country like developed countries, as medical tourism can contribute to the GDP of the country.

The objective of the medical biotechnology is to enhance the efficacy, productivity and cost effectiveness of molecular medicines. The two areas identified DBT for special emphases are genomics and Bioinformatics wherein the country has natural advantages.

The DBT is negotiating with leading Indian pharmaceutical and biotech companies for collaborative ventures in secondary genomic research. The focus of these dates will be in areas like proteomics, functional genomics and also on dataminings, curation and annotation of the available genome data.

4. South-South Cooperation

There is a traditional mindset that cooperation is always between the developed world and developing world because of the fact that developed world is economically, politically, socially and technologically well-off which can be shared with the developing countries.

But over the period it was realized that South-South cooperation among the developing countries is necessary for better bargaining power with the developed world.

Southern Hemisphere countries are developing nations which face the common challenges like poverty, unemployment, hunger, disease, environmental degradation. It can be jointly addressed through South-South cooperation.

Many organizations like SAFTA, IBSA, NAM, G-77,10C-RIM, Mercosur, and Andean Community are formed to facilitate south-south cooperation. South-South cooperation has gained importance due to WTO negotiations and jointly addresses the problems created by globalization.

5. India and the New World Order

India got Independence in 1947, before and after this many Afro-Asian countries got independence from Imperial and colonial rule of western powers like England, France, Portugal etc.

After the end of second world war II in 1945, the world got polarized into two blocs one led by USA which represents Capitalist ideology and market Economic model and other led by Soviet Union representing communist ideology and socialist Economic model.

India a newly independent country, decided not to join any of hostile blocs and military alliances. As India need economic, technological and military aid from the countries of both blocs for its rapid economic growth.

India decided to adopt the policy of Non- Alignment with the core objective of having autonomy of decision making in world affairs. And to Oppose Imperialism, Colonialism and racialism, India expresses full faith in UN Charter and also opted the policy of peaceful co-existence.

In 1990’s with the collapse of Soviet Union, USA emerged as sole super power and world started represented by unipolar world order.

This period was ushered by rise of globalization and opening of economics by almost all economics of the world including Russia, China also.

India also successfully made certain amendments and changes in its foreign policy and economy and started giving importance to those countries and regions which were earlier islands for India.

India started Look East policy, developed healthy relation with European Union, US, Israel, China.

The down of 21^st century ushered the phase of new world order in which world is heading towards .multi polar world order represented by countries like USA, China, Japan, India, Russia, and European Union.

These countries are acting as Balance of Power in this new order.

In this new order, Geo-Economics and Economic diplomacy has got credence than any political, cultural or ideological conflict.

As National interests are not static, they are dynamic and changes with time and age. So, in 21^st century India is giving importance to Economic relations. India is having strategic partnership relations with all major powers and regions.

Putting aside its political differences India is economically engaged with China and has started confidence building measures (CBMs) with Pakistan. India is showing its seriousness to implement SAFTA in letter and spirit. So that India can engaged actively with all SAARC Nations.

In this present world order energy security, has become important component of India’s foreign policy. As India is a rising economic power now it need to rely upon diversified energy sources to fulfill the fuel demands of its economy. So, India is signing energy experiments with various regions and countries.

As WTO failed to achieve desired results. The trend is growing to sign Free Trade Area (FTA) pacts between countries and region. India also following the trend, moreover, in this global order, various threats of this nature that they are having global impact like Terrorism, Food Security, Present financial crisis, Global Warming, Poverty, Human right violations, spread of diseases etc.

That kind of global threats needs global response from all countries. India is also concerned about that. India is willing to revitalise Non-Alignment movement, so that developing countries can jointly put their effort and pool their resources to tackle global menances.

Along with this, joint effort of developing countries is also required to democratise institutions of global governance like UNO so strengthening of Non-Alignment movement as a platform to discuss these diverse issues is strongly needed and country like India has to take initiative in this regard.

In conclusion, it can be stated that India has gained an important place in this world order. India’s Economic might and nuclear might has been recognised by world. The recently signed Indo-US Nuclear deal is testimony to this that no country can take India for granted now. But to sustain this place we need to have active co­operation with developing countries and active engagement with world powers.

6. India’s stand on agricultural issues in WTO’s Ministerial Conferences since Doha Round

The Doha ministerial conference which was held in 2001, adopted a comprehensive work programme, also called the Doha Development Agenda (DDA) launching negotiations on some issues and setting out additional parameters and time frames for the negotiations on agriculture and services that had commenced on 1 January 2000 in accordance with the built in mandates in the respective WTO Agreements.

The Cancun Ministerial Conference 2003 was to take a stock of the progress in DDA negotiations, take necessary decisions and to provide further political guidance. But, prior to the Cancun Ministerial, the US and EC made a joint submission on the framework for modalities of negotiations on Agriculture that was based on their own perceptions and did not take into the account the concern of developing countries. This led to the formation of a coalition of developing countries now called the G-20, which has since played a very major role in shaping the negotiations on agriculture.

The G-20 played a crucial role in the aftermath of the Cancun Ministerial Conference in the negotiations on agriculture. India has engaged in these negotiations to ensure that its core concerns and interests continue to be adequately addressed as negotiations proceed from one stage to the next.

At Hong Kong, India was proactive in articulating in position on issues of concern to it and other developing countries and played a key role in further strengthening the developing country coalitions by bringing together G-20, G-33 and G-90 group of countries.

These developing countries accuses the rich nations of protecting their farmers through subsidies, and then dumping their goods on poor countries at knock down prices, undermining local farmers.

The Minister’s meet held in Geneva on 21 July to 25 July, 2008, failed. Because both India and China could not reach an agreement on the issue. India with other G-33 members wanted an import surge of 110 percent over three-year base period to triggers SSM (special safeguard measures) while, US demanded for 150 percent.

India attaches more importance to a rule- based multilateral trading system. India will continue to protect and pursue its national interests in these negotiations and work together with other WTO members.

7. The major extra-constitutional factors influencing the federal polity in India

The constitution of India provides for a Federal government. According to Federal government there is a division of power between Central government and State government.
In Constitution also we are having many measures which can influence centre-state relations. In the same way we are having extra constitutional factors which are influencing the federal polity. The most important one is Planning Commission.

The Planning Commission makes an assessment of material, capital and human resources of the country. It formulates a plan for the effective and balanced utilization of country resources.

But its composition is only biased towards the union government. No representation from the state governments. When finances are allotted to the states it is based on the plan development programmes made by Planning Commission.

Sometimes it is argued that Planning Commission has encroached upon the autonomy of the states under the federal polity.

This encroachment is seen in terms of the Planning Commissions acceptance, modification or rejection of the state’s proposals for development programmes, for which Central financial assistance is fought and which can be granted, only on the recommendation of the Planning Commission.

Therefore, we see that extra-constitutional factors are affecting the federal polity.

8. Do you think there is a need for a review of the Indian Constitution? Justify your view

Need for constitutional review has al­ways been a topic of raging debate across the coun­try. The founding fathers of the Indian constitu­tion who granted more rights to the people with­out balancing them with their duties, perhaps did not force the emergence of present political envi­ronment, wherein the political players of various segments in the country are more interested in fulfilling their individual aspirations than the as­pirations of the people.

In some respects, the constitution, though it is impressive, has failed to translate noble prin­ciples into tangible, practical instruments.

The constitution of India, despite its evocative Pre­amble and lofty Directive Principles of State Policy, has essentially depended upon the old Government of India Act of 1935, with other ideas borrowed from the Irish, Australia, Canada and other Constitutions.

Securing to all citizens justice-social, eco­nomic and political is one of the avowed goals of the constitutions.

However, there is a glaring fail­ure to translate them into practical action. In judicial system, unnecessary litigation, needless ap­peals, dilatory procedures have actually denied justice to the people.

Over the 60 years, several distortions have crept into our state structure. As the domination of a single party has become a thing of the past, the working of the bicameral parliament has been distorted.

A Rajya Sabha is a permanent body with members indirectly elected by state legislature, ceased to reflect the will of the people at any point of time. At present India’s socio-economic, politi­cal conditions have changed. In international level also India’s position has changed. There­fore, India has to go with the situation.

As we are having Directive-Principles, they should be backed up with implementing mecha­nism. A special Article is also needed to control the population. The state should promote inter- religious harmony and inter-faith value.

A Judicial Council is requirement of the day at both Apex level and State level Agricultural and other traditional occupational people are suffer­ing from droughts, cyclones and earthquakes. A national convention is required to protect them from such adverse affect.

From all these, it is seen that there is a re­quirement of the whole review of the Constitu­tions of India to make it applicable for the present day world.

9. Indian National Satellite Systems

The Indian National Satellite Systems (INSAT) in one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in the Asia- Pacific region. In the 1980’s, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later.

The satellites of INSAT system, which are in service today, are INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT- 3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, and KALPANA-1, GSAT- 2, and EDUSAT INSAT-4A. The system provides a total of about 175 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands. Being a multipurpose satellite system, INSAT provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting, disaster warning and search and Rescue fields.

The INSAT system serves many important sectors of the Indian economy. INSAT is providing Mobile satellite service besides providing VSAT service. Today, more than 25,000 very small aperture Terminals are in operations.

Television broadcasting and redistribution are also have been benefited by INSAT. Social development through exclusive channels for training and developmental education has become possible through INSAT.

Telemedicine network in taking medical services to the remote and rural population. The launch of EDUSAT, the India’s flat thematic satellite dedicated exclusively for educational services, has provided further fillip to the educational services offered by the INSAT.

INSAT system is also providing meteorological services through Very High Resolution Radiometer and CCD cameras on some of its spacecraft. This apart, cyclone monitoring through meteorological imaging and issue of warnings on impending cyclones through disaster warning receivers have been opertionalised. ‘

The INSAT system uniquely provides geostationary platform for simultaneous domestic communications and earth observation functions. The first four generation INSAT series (INSAT- 1A, -IB, -1C and ID) were all US-built and launched by either US or European space launch vehicles. The INSAT-class satellites are joint ventures of India’s Department of Space (DOS), Department of Telecommunications (DET), India Meteorological Department (IMD), All India Radio and Doordarshan. Overall co-ordinateion and management rests with the inter-ministerial INSAT Coordination Committee (ISS).

The satellites are handled from the INSAT Master Control Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka.

With the aid of the first generation INSAT series, telecommunications expanded comiderably by providing inter-city networks and trunk routes. The meteorological service was integrated into the INSAT series. So it is a novel three-in-one concept that provides satellite television broadcasting communication and meteorological services from a single platform.

By the end of the first generation INSAT systems, ISRO had developed its own capability to build the second generation. The second generation has improved capabilities in newer frequencies and an improved radio meter for weather observation.

10. Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 10, 1948 the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled. If consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions and laws.

The international Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant in Civil and Political Rights and its two optional protocols.

Preamble of Universal Declaration of Human Rights says that “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. It is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by rule of law”.

It is essential to maintain and promote the development of friendly relations between nations.

The General Assembly of the United Nations proclaims the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, should keep this in mind, by teaching, of and education to promote respect for these rights.