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Term Paper on the Human Teeth

Term Paper Contents:

  1. Term Paper on the Introduction to the Human Teeth
  2. Term Paper on the Eruption of Human Teeth
  3. Term Paper on the Parts of a Human Tooth
  4. Term Paper on the Development of Human Teeth
  5. Term Paper on the Applied Anatomy of Human Teeth

Term Paper # 1. Introduction to the Human Teeth:

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Teeth are essential organs of mastication – arranged within sockets of maxilla and mandible.

Human dentition is known as:

1. Codont:

Arrangement – It is the situation of teeth in the sockets of upper and lower jaw.

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2. Heterodont:

Arrangement means various types of teeth e.g., Incisors, Canine, Premolars, Molars.

3. Diphydont:

Means there are two types of dentition:

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i. Primary Dentition:

Milk or deciduous teeth are twenty in number and found in infants and children (I-2, C-1, M-2).

ii. Secondary Dentition:

Permanent teeth – 32 in number and found in adult (I-2, C-1, P- 2, M-3). Milk teeth whither and permanent teeth appear.

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Term Paper # 2. Eruption of Human Teeth:

In Primary Dentition:

First tooth appears in the child at the age of six to seventh month and eruption completed within 2 years.

In Secondary Dentition:

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Eruption begins at the age of 6 years and completed by 21-25 years. Teeth in the lower jaw erupt first than the upper jaw.

Incisors:

They are situated on either side of the midline and are chisel shaped, necessary for cutting.

Canines:

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They are situated lateral to the incisors are conical shaped with blunt end. They project beyond other teeth and meant for tearing.

Premolars and Molars:

Premolars and molars are necessary for grinding having concavo convex flat surface.

Time of Eruption:

Deciduous teeth – Six to 24 months’ time.

B – Upper right lateral Incisor is caries

D – Right lower first Molar is caries

Permanent Teeth:

Time of eruption in years – From six to 24 years.

Term Paper # 3. Parts of a Human Tooth:

1. Crown:

It is the projecting part.

2. Root:

It is the hidden buried part. It may be 1-3 in number. It is situated within the socket of the jaw.

3. Neck:

It is the junction between crown and root.

Periodontal Membrane:

It connects the root with the wall of the socket.

Pulp Chamber:

It is a shallow cleft extends from the crown to the root. It is continuous with the root canal. The root canal has a terminal opening called apical foramen or apical pulp.

The wall of the tooth has three coverings:

1. Enamel:

It is the hardest tissue of the body. It covers the crown, near the neck – it becomes thin and made mainly of inorganic salts – like calcium phosphate. It has enamel prisms.

2. Dentine:

It is harder than bone, covers the entire tooth and chiefly formed by in organic salts. Dentin is produced by odontoblasts lining the pulp cavity.

3. Cementum:

It covers the superficial surface of the dentin over the root. It is a binding material contains cementocytes and matrix.

Pulp Cavity:

It is the cavity of the tooth, opens at the floor of the socket through the apical foramen. It contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics. It is filled by a gelatinous substance. It is limited peripherally by the odontoblasts of the dentin.

Nerve Supply of Teeth:

Teeth of the upper jaw are supplied by superior alveolar nerves (posterior, middle and anterior) branches from the maxillary nerve.

Teeth of the lower jaw are supplied by the branches of the inferior alveolar nerve (branch of mandibular – nerve – posterior division).

Within the pulp cavity these nerves are unmyelinated, the nerves also passing between the odontoblasts.

Blood Supply:

Teeth of upper jaw are supplied by superior alveolar arteries branches from the 3rd part of maxillary artery.

Teeth of the lower jaw are supplied by inferior alveolar artery branch from 1st part of maxillary artery.

Lymphatics:

Goes to submandibular, submental and finally – deep cervical group of lymph nodes. From both upper and lower jaw teeth.

Term Paper #  4. Development of Human Teeth:

Starts from six week of intra uterine life up to early adulthood.

1. Oral epithelium thickens to form dental lamina at 6 weeks of intra uterine life.

2. Tooth bud stage begins and dental organ formed.

3. Dental organ becomes like a cap over dental papilla – begins to develop from underlying mesenchymal tissue, i.e., cap stage.

4. Bell stage- Cap like dental bud becomes like a bell over dental papilla, having outer and inner dental epithelium, containing ameloblasts surrounding dental papilla.

5. Dentin formation- Odontoblasts starts multiplying and forms dentinal tubules radiating at its periphery. Same time primordium of permanent tooth erupts from same epithelium. Tooth bud – enamel organ + dental papilla + dental sac.

6. Enamel formation – by deposition of inorganic salts over satellate reticulum.

7. Cementum and periodontal membrane formation.

Tissue derived from two embryological sources, i.e.:

i. Ectodermal epithelium – down growth of fetal oral mucosa forming enamel organ – ameloblasts – forms enamel.

ii. Dental papilla of mesenchymal – odontoblasts – forms dentin.

Term Paper # 5. Applied Anatomy of Human Teeth:

1. Forensic dentistry- Identification of unknown persons by the details of their dentition and tooth restorations.

2. Polyphydent dentition- Development of several successive sets of teeth during a lifetime.

3. Praecoxdentia- Premature eruption of teeth.

4. Tardadentia- Delayed eruption of teeth.

5. Dental caries- Decay of the teeth.

6. Dental curve- Curve of line along which the teeth of a jaw are situated.

7. Hutchinson’s tooth- Lateral incisors of the upper jaw are pegged and a central incisor of the upper jaw has convex lateral borders and semilunar notches on their cutting edges found in congenital syphilis.

8. Discolouration of tooth- May occur as a side effect of certain drugs, e.g., Tetracycline.

9. Twinning of tooth is a dental abnormality in which two adjacent teeth are united together.

10. Denticle- A small tooth like projection within the pulp cavity of a tooth.

11. Pyorrhoea alveolaris (chronic periodontitis)- Foul breath is present.

12. Irregular dentition- Found in rickets due to deficiency of vitamin-D.

13. Decalcification of enamel and dentin: Softening and gradual destruction of tooth – forms caries in which tooth becomes tender and mastication is painful.

14. Apical abscess is formed when pulp is dead diagnosed by X-ray.