Here is a term paper on ‘Human Scalp’. Find paragraphs, long and short term papers on ‘Human Scalp’ especially written for school and college students.

Term Paper on Human Scalp

Term Paper Contents:

  1. Term Paper on the Anatomical Structure of Human Scalp
  2. Term Paper on the Nerve and Blood Supply of Human Scalp
  3. Term Paper on the Venous Drainage and Lymphatic Drainage of Human Scalp
  4. Term Paper on the Temporal Fossa of Human Scalp
  5. Term Paper on the Clinical Applications of Human Scalp
  6. Term Paper on the Applied Anatomy of Human Scalp

Term Paper # 1. Anatomical Structure of Human Scalp:

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Soft tissue covering the top of skull is called scalp.

Extent:

Anteriorly- Up to supra orbital border.

Posteriorly- Up to external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal line.

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Laterally- Up to superior temporal lines.

Layers of the Scalp:

1. S for – Skin:

This is thick and dense. It is intimately connected to subcutaneous tissue containing hair and plenty of sebaceous glands, thus sebaceous cysts are common in scalp.

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2. C for – Connective Tissue:

Dense with fibrous septa dividing into compartments called locules containing blood vessels, nerves and fat lobules. It is non-elastic; hence collection of fluid in this layer is highly painful. Vessels are firmly attached to fascia, so wounds of scalp causes severe bleeding.

3. A for – Aponeurosis:

Aponeurosis of occipito frontalis muscle.

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4. L for – Loose Areolar Tissue:

Loosely connects above three layers with the pericranium, missary veins lies in it.

5. P for – Pericranium:

Outer covering of skull bones.

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Term Paper # 2. Nerve and Blood Supply of Human Scalp:

Scalp is divided into 4 quadrants. Each quadrant has 4 sensory nerves and 1 motor nerve.

1. Anterior Quadrant:

Sensory nerves are branches of trigeminal nerve.

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a. Supra trochlear nerve (V1).

b. Supra orbital nerve (V1).

c. Auriculo temporal nerve (V3).

d. Zygomatico temporal nerve (V2).

e. Temporal branch of facial nerve (VII) motor nerve.

2. Posterior Quadrant:

Motor nerve – Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve.

Sensory Nerve:

These are branches of cervical plexus.

1. Great Auricular Nerve C2,3

2. Lesser Occipital Nerve C2

3. Greater Occipital Nerve C2

4. Third Occipital Nerve C3.

Blood Supply of Human Scalp:

Arterial Supply:

In scalp, branches of internal and external carotid arteries anastomose with each other.

Branches of external carotid artery are- Superficial temporal artery, Posterior auricular artery, Occipital artery.

Branches of internal carotid artery are- Supra trochlear artery, Supra orbital artery.

Term Paper # 3. Venous Drainage and Lymphatic Drainage of Human Scalp:

1. Supratrochlear and supra orbital veins unite at the medial angle of eye and form anterior facial vein.

2. Superficial temporal vein joins maxillary vein and form retro mandibular vein in the parotid gland.

3. Posterior auricular vein unites with posterior division of retromandubular vein to form external-Jugular vein.

4. Occipital vein ends in sub occipital venous- plexus and drains into internal jugular vein.

Lymphatic Drainage of Scalp:

1. Anterior part drains into submandibular lymph nodes.

2. Lateral part drains into parotid group of lymph nodes.

3. Posterior part drains into-occipital lymph nodes (mastoid group).

Occipitao-Frontalis Muscle:

It consists of:

1. Central galea aponeurotica or epicranial- aponeurosis.

2. Two frontal bellies on front.

3. Two occipital bellies on back.

Laterally aponeurosis is attached to superior temporal lines and becomes thin and continued over temporal fascia to gain attachment on zygomatic arch.

Frontal Bellies:

Arise from front of aponeurorsis unite along their medial edges to get attached or inserted to the upper part of orbicularis oculi and skin of eye brows. It has no bony attachment.

Occipital Bellies:

Arise from lateral halves of superior nuchal lines and inserted on the posterior border of epicranial aponeuroris and do not join one another.

Action:

Frontal bellies elevate eyebrows and produce transverse wrinkles on forehead as in surprise.

Occipital Bellies:

Anchor aponeurois due to their bony attachment.

Nerve Supply:

Branches of facial nerve (VII) temporal branch and posterior auricular branch.

Term Paper # 4. Temporal Fossa of Human Scalp:

Temple is the area between temporal lines and the zygomatic arch. It is a shallow depression.

Bones taking part are:

1. Squamous part of temporal bone.

2. Greater wing of sphenoid.

3. Lower part of frontal.

4. Parietal bones.

Bones articulate at ‘H’ suture called pterion.

Layers in Temporal Region:

Six layers:

1. Skin.

2. Cutaneous tissue.

3. Expansion of epicranial aponeurosis from which auricularis anterior and superior muscles arise.

4. Temporal fascia-attached above to superior temporal line and below to zygomatic arch. It is a rugged membrane on which – superficial temporal vessels and auriculo temporal nerve lies and it is perforated by middle temporal artery and vein.

5. Temporalis muscle is one of the muscles of mastication and is fan-shaped muscle arising from temporal fossa and fascia- converges towards coronoid process of mandible for insertion.

Supplied by – Two deep temporal nerve and vessels.

Nerve – Is branch of mandibular nerve.

Action – Retraction and elevation of mandible.

6. Pericranium.

Term Paper # 5. Clinical Applications of Human Scalp:

1. Due to rich blood supply large wounds of the scalp bleed profusely but heal quickly.

2. All the vessels converge from periphery of the scalp to the centre so incisions for skin flaps are made in center and reflected towards periphery- preserving blood supply.

3. Midline area has poor blood supply-loss of hair begins in this region (alopacia or balding).

4. Scalp is the commonest site for sebaceous cysts.

Term Paper # 6. Applied Anatomy of Human Scalp:

1. Sebaceous cyst is a retention cyst due to collection of sebum as a result of obstruction of sebaceous duct. Secondary infection may sets in.

2. Dermoid cyst is a congenital cyst develops in mid-line.

3. Cephal haematoma- Blood collected in sub-periosteal space.

4. Osteomyelitis- of skull bones.

5. Avulsion of scalp- During scalp injury at the level of loose areolar tissue-scalp separates (avulsed).

6. In frontal sinusitis- Pain is referred up to vertex along the supratrochlear, and supraorbital nerves.

7. Caput Succedanum- Heeping up of scalp in foetus occurs during labour due to over lapping of skull bones and collection of fluid in the loose areolar tissue due to forces of labour and poor venous and lymphatic return.

8. Loose areolar tissue is dangerous layer of scalp because emissary veins lies in this layer. Extra cranial infection can spread intra cranially due to presence of emissary veins or vice-versa.

9. Scalp wound bleed profusely- Due to dense connective tissue septa attached to wall of blood vessels which prevents retraction of blood vessels.

10. Scalp wounds-heal quickly due to rich vascularity.

11. In head injury, blood easily tracks down anteriorly over eyelids-resulting in black eye.