Preventation of pipe corrosion is possible by following methods

Preventation of pipe corrosion is possible by following methods-

(i) Cathodic protection.

(ii) Proper pipe material. The alloys of iron or steel with chromium, copper or nickel are found to be more resistant to corrosion.

(iii) Protective lining, Asphalt Bitumen, Cement mortar paints resistant zinc.

(iv) Treatment of water.

Aeration reducing free carbon dioxide. Addition of lime or soda after filtration. Vexanta phosphate for iron pipe.

(v) Natural protective film.

(vi) Adding inhibitors.

(viii) Protective film.

Methods of thawing pipes –

1. Wrap a cloth around the part, and pour hot water over it.

2. A blow lamp should only be used by a plumber or experienced person.

3. A heater placed near the frozen part to raise the temperature of the air.

4. If a waste pipe is frozen, pour hot water down it.

For burst pipes –

1. Turn off the main tap.

2. Turn off the stopcock between cistern and main pipe.

3. Open all taps, allow the water to escape.

4. Send for a plumber.

Distribution Pipe Appurtenances:

The end uses of supply and sewage water systems are accomplished by the fixtures. These are the visible parts of the system: sinks, showers, ice machines, dishwashers, water closets, water fountains, and so on.

Fixtures represent the end of the water supply system and the beginning of the sewage system. The supply aspect of the fixtures is the valves, which control the flow into individual fixtures and may also be used where pipes branch.

These latter valves facilitate repair by allowing water to be shut off to a fixture or a small number of fixtures. While the rest of the system continues.

These are water taps which are attached at the end of water pipe and from which the consumer obtains water.

(i) Air vessel

(ii) Bib cock (tab)

(iii) Fire hydrant

(iv) Reflex valve

(v) Relief valve

(vi) Scour valve

(vii) Sluice valve

(VIII) Stop Cock Valve:

This is a valve installed in pipe to control the flow of water to a system or it-m equipment

The valve should be turned off and on during routine maintenance to ensure that it will operate in an emergency.

The washer may require replacement during maintenance, as may the packing gland or “O” ring around the spindle connected to the hand wheel.

(ix) Gate Valve:

This is an alternative type of valve used to control the flow of water in a pipe where the pressure is low or the water is at high temperature.

(X) Ball-Valve:

Ball-valves are float-operated valves used to control the flow of water into cisterns Side of cistern

The latest type of ball-valve is designed to prevent any possible contamina­tion of the water supply in the cistern.

The ball-valve should be adjusted to make it close at the required water level in the cistern and should be fixed securely to the cistern.

The ball-valve should undergo regular maintenance because, like taps, it will be in constant use. The washer or diaphragm may require replacement. The float should be checked for buoyancy and the point at which it closes should corre­spond with the water level in the cistern.

(XI) Water Meter:

It is used for measuring the quantity of water. It is of

(a) Positive displacement – Rotary, oscillating, Reciprocating or rotating disc types

(b) Velocity type, Turbine meter, Venturi meter.

Fixture Unit: Capacity Size

Ablution tap – WC bath 0.12 lps. 15 mm

Both tub 0.20 lps. 15 mm

Water Supply Pipe Fittings:

(i) Bushing:

It is used where it is necessary to connect a pipe or fitting to a threaded or unthreaded opening which is larger in size. A bushing may be inter­nally or externally threaded.

(ii) Cap:

It is used to close off the end of a pipe line. It may be internally treaded at one end and closed at the other end.

(iii) Closed nipple:

A short piece of pipe completely threaded used for a short joining of two fittings.

Nipple – Short length of pipe less than 30 cm long.

(iv) Coupling:

Used for joining two lengths of pipe. It may be internally threaded at both ends

(v) Cross:

Used where two lips is taken off a run or line of pipe. One line any be taken off and a clear out opening installed. It may be internally threaded all four openings.

(vi) Elbow:

Used where it is desired to make a turn in a pipe line. These are 90, 60°, 45°, 30° and 22.5° elbows.

Steel elbow is internally threaded at one end and externally threaded at the other. It is used for making right angle bend from a fitting without the use of nipple.

(vii) Threads Female:

These are internal threads.

Male – These are external threads

(viii) Plug – externally threaded on one end and the other end squared off so that a wrench can be used in installing or removing it. It is used for plugging or closing a threaded opening.

(ix) Reducing coupling – Used where it is desired to reduce the size of piping in a run or line. It may be internally threaded on both ends.

(x) Ferrule – For joining water pipe & service pipe.

(xi) Flange projected flatiron on a pipe fig 4.17

(xii) Float valve Control opening/closing of valve in a storage tank.

(xiii) Socket/Spigot Socket – Female Spigot – Male It is used for lengthening the pipe.

(xiv) Bend to give necessary turn.

(xv) Tee/Branch – Used where a line is taken off a straight run. It has three openings of the same size and each of the openings may be internally threaded.

(xvi) Check nut/Union – Used to join two lengths of pipe together when it is desired to a have a means of breaking the connection without disturbing the rest of the piping or where existing lines are to be joined.