(i) The most visible form of French control was military and economic domination and the French also tried to reshape the culture of Vietnamese.
(ii) French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the 1880s, they had established a firm grip over the northern region.
(iii) After the Franco-Chinese war, the French assumed control of Tonkin and Annan, and in 1887, French Indo-China was formed.