Some four or five thousand years ago a highly civilized community flourished in the region of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan d the fringes of Uttar Pradesh popularly known as Indus Valley realization. The civilization was first discovered in 1921 at Harappa by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, so it is also known as Harappa Civilization.
Indus valley civilization was extended in a large area. It was extended from Mand (in Jammu) in the north to Diamabad in the south and from Alamgirpur (in U.P.) in the north east to Sutkagendur (in Baluchistan) in the west. This unique civilization existed between 2500 B.C. and 1500 B.C.
Important Sites:
More than 300 sites belonging to this civilization have been excavated and much are still to be known. Out of these sites, the most important were that of Harappa and Mohanjodaro. Other important cities were Chanhudaro in Sindh, Lothal in Gujarat, Kalibanga in Rajasthan and Banwali in Haryana.
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Harappa:
1. Situated in Montgomery district in Punjab now in Pakistan, on the left bank of the river Ravi.
2. The city was well planned and divided into two parts-citadel (raised portion) and lower part.
Mohanjodaro:
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1. It was excavated in the year 1922 by Rakhaldas Banerjee.
2. Situated in Larkana district in Sindh now in Pakistan on the right bank of the river Indus (Sindhu).
3. City followed grid planning.
4. Citadel was made on a mound’.
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Chanhudaro:
1. It was excavated in the year 1931 by M. G. Majumdar.
2. Situated in Sindh now in Pakistan.
3. The city had no citadel.
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Lothal:
1. It was excavated in the year 1957 by S.R. Rao and M. S. Vats.
2. Situated in Gujarat near Gulf of Cambay.
3- Rice husks were found only at Lothal and Rangpur.
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Kalibanga:
1. It was excavated in the year 1953 by A. Ghosh.
2. It was situated in Rajasthan on the bank of the river Ghagar.