The modernization of Japan was one of the amazing phenomena of modern world history. Though Japan, like China, had an ancient civiliza­tion but unlike China she welcomed the introduction of European customs and established a strong government along European lines. She also organized her army and navy along European lines and engaged officers trained in European schools. She adopted the European calendar and mastered the mechanical and technical secrets of European industry. In short, Japan adapted elements of strength from the West while retaining her own structures and way of life.