There is no compelling reason that culture concept be made to improve theories of psychic unity, dependence on learning and extrasomatic heritage. Stripped of these factors the culture concept comes down to behaviour patterns associated with particular groups of people, called communities, societies, tribes etc., each of such organisations possesses customs of a specific ways of life. In this sense, a de facto concept of culture is probably universal.

When there is interaction between communities, tribes and societies, socio- cultural changes occur. Socio-cultural change is an inevitable factor. Dominant culture may influence a subordinate culture but interaction is always a two-way process. Cultures advance from simple to complex through the process of Socio-cultural change.

Darwin, Spencer, Marx, Morgan, Tylor etc. are the victims of the Eighteenth Century intellectual heritage. They have classified societies and cultures as backward, forward, most forward or as simple and complex, or as primitive and advanced. While categorising societies in this manner they have not paid attention adequately to the factor of environment and communication. However, they were unanimous about the fact that every aspect of social life is related to every other in a evolving whole.

The Seventeenth Century and Eighteenth Century progressivists conceptualised socio-cultural evolution in a progressive order, for example, Hegel classified the human society into three distinct orders, viz, Early society of the Oriental World (Where one was free) followed by the classical World of the middle level society (where few were free) and ultimately emerged the Modern Western World (where all are to be free). Herbal Spencer categorised human societies into three orders, the lower are being savagery of military society, followed by barbarism or incomplete and less industrial societies and finally emergence of industrially peaceful society.

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Henry Maine also categories human societies into three orders, early, middle and late. His early societies were patriarchal status organisations. His middle level societies indicate decline of status in favour of contractual relationships and his late societies are based on contractual and free relations. Marx was more concerned with the mode of production which determined the nature and structure of societies.

He divided human society into five linear categories. At the base is the tribal societies of Asiatic societies with common land ownership. About it is the ancient societies with Chieftens in which slavery was rampant. He termed his third level society as feudal with customs of serfdom. His fourth order has been termed as capitalistic and the final one communistic socialistic proletarian. Lewis Henry Morgan divided human societies into three categories- savagery, barbarism and civilization.

Auguste Comte divided societies in to theological, metaphysical and positivistic. Emlie Durkheim emphasized the fact that all societies move from mechanical status to organic. Likewise, Robert Redfield also stated that societies move from folk type to peasant and finally to urbanised ones. FordinandTonnies divided societies into gemeinschaft or localistic and gesellschaft or cosmopolitan.

The gemeinschaft harbours fellowship, kinship, neighbourliness, emphasis on self, land as the productive means of survival , rural family life, family laws, folkways and mores , folk religion and uncodified law; where as his gesellschaft or cosmopolitan society evinces exchange of goods and services, rational evaluation of the exchange system, formation of capitalistic earning and statehood, concept of plurality of persons, money as the core of economy contractual relations, rational city life, is regulated by convention and legislation, emphasis on public opinion and formulation of public laws.