List of 10 Free English Essays on 1. Indo-Bhutan Relations 2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 3. Indian Constitution 4. Globalization 5. Ozone depletion, its causes and effects 6. Terrorism sources in Pakistan and Afghanistan 7. India and China: Strategy to Boost Ties 8. Dumping 9. Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy 10. The conditions of the urban poor are more deplorable than that of their rural counterparts.
Free English Essays
1. Indo-Bhutan Relations
India has a time tested relationship with Bhutan. As it is a buffer state in between India and China, the relationship holds much geopolitical importance. The change from Monarch rule to a democratic nation has added dynamism to the relations.
Review of Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty 1949
- New clauses added. Bhutan can follow a independent foreign policy.
- Bhutan is free to acquire defensive weapons without India’s permission.
- New extradition provision is in place.
Infrastructure Cooperation
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Bhutan has a hydroelectric potential of up to 30,000 MW. Bhutan at present is using only 30% of its total power generation and remaining 70% is sold to India this is one of the biggest exports of Bhutan. India has already constructed Chukka and Tata Power Projects.
Railways: To Commemorate Nehru’s first visit to Bhutan 50 years ago, first ever rail-link from Hastimara in North Bengal to Phunt Shoeling in Bhutan is constructed by India.
Roadways: Border Road Organisation is assisting Bhutan to build the roads specially in border areas.
Cooperation to tackle anti-India insurgents: Bhutanese army conducted “Operation All-clear” to demolish the camps of insurgents belonging to ULFA, NDFB and KLO.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
The Government of India has recently undertaken a comprehensive review of the FDI policy and associated procedure. Many rationalization measures have been undertaken, inter alia include, dispensing with the need of multiple approvals from Government and/or regulatory agencies that exist in certain sectors, and allowing FDI in new sectors.
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India’s large market size and potential, the skilled labour force and low wage cost is the main key for attracting foreign investor.
According to the UNCTAD report China is performing much better than India for variety of reasons including opening up its economy in 1979 much earlier than India did in 1990’s. And also Chinese overseas contributing much more than Indians.
About 80 percent of fortune 500 companies have presence in china while 37 per cent of these firms outsource to India.
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In India, the sectors attracting FDI are Electrical equipments:
(including computer software & electronics) – 17.4%
Telecommunications – 10.58%
Transport Industry – 9.82%
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Service Sector – 9.45% Share of the top investing countries in India is,
Mauritius – 37.18%
USA – 15.25%
Japan – 6.59%
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India’s position in a UN agency’s inward foreign Direct Investment performance index has improved eight notches. The country’s rank on the index, which covers 141 countries for the year 2006, stood at 113, as against 121 in 2005.
In addition, the country also improved its position by nine places in the outward EDI performance index from 65 in 2005 to 56 in 2006.
However, India’s rank in the UNCTAD’s FDI potential index, which takes into account 12 social and economic factors, fell by two positions to 85 during 2005 against 83 in 2004.
Overseas Indian’s are fewer, more of professional group, unlike Chinese, after lack the family networks and connections and financial resources to invest in India.
3. Essay on main sources of the Indian Constitution
Generally Constitution is a legally- satisfied document, consisting of the basic governing principles of the state. The powers and duties of the state organisation are described in the Constitution.
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That means the source of all people and organisations’ powers, duties and rights is the constitution. If the constitution is federal, then it suggests a clear division between the centre and the states. No state law can be above the centre’s law.
The constitution is made under the democratic system having all the citizens’ support and undoubtedly any action against the constitution is illegal.
The main source of the Indian Constitution is the “Government of India Act, 1935”. Almost 200 sections of this act were fully or with partial modification had been included in the Indian Constitution.
The system of fundamental rights, independent judiciary, Judicial Review has been adopted from the Constitution of USA.
From UK we have adopted parliamentary system; from France we have taken the idea of republic, from Canada the federation with a strong centre. Constitutional Amendments have been included in Indian Constitution from South African Constitution.
The concurrent list and the provisions regarding trade, commerce and intercourse have been taken from the Australian Constitution. The Directive Principles, Method of election of the President and nomination of members of the Rajya Sabha by the President are similar to Irish Constitution.
From Germany’s Weimar Constitution, the Emergency and its effect on the Fundamental Rights were added to the Constitution of India. Fundamental duties were taken from the Japanese Constitution.
4. Globalization
Globalization indicates global expansion and integration of functional activity. For some of the sections of Indian society and the Indian diaspora, this globalization has come as something of a bonanza.
NRI’s look forward to new business opportunities in a globalized India. Another outcome of globalization has been a huge increase in salaries of senior managers, accountants, lawyers and public relations personnel working for MNC’s or their local competitors.
For IT literate people the job opportunities have increased. For the English speaking upper middle-class, this has come as a boon.
With greater access to disposable income, the seduction of consumerism becomes hard to resist. This new and more prosperous class of Indian consumers associates, India’s progress with the availability of the latest automobile model and consumer goods.
Industrialists and entrepreneurial class is very small minority in the country. Their voices are much more likely to be heard in the Indian media and they are much more likely to be able to influence important political decisions in the country.
The interest of a particular section of Indian need not match the real interests of all other sections of Indian society. Other sections of the society may benefit only to the extent that a fraction of this new prosperity trickles down to them. Some may not benefit at all, while some may even be adversely affected.
Not only this, globalization may create poverty. Globalization has aerated more job opportunity for skill labours. Therefore, income of skilled people or professional has increased. There is another section that is unskilled labours are losing their job opportunity. Their income is reducing.
But the greatest danger posed by unrestricted globalization is that it may exacerbate the problems of nagging poverty and uneven development, and crate grave infrastructural mismatch.
Liberalization and privatisation were both pre-condition of globalization. This helped only small section of the people to emerge as entrepreneurial and elite class. Others remained in old position. Not only this, income disparities of the people created more gap between the people.
Therefore, globalization has brought about a distinct class divide in India instead of ushering in a classless society.
5. Ozone depletion, its causes and effects
From 20 to 60 km from the earth’s surface, a layer exists consisting of Ozone gas (03) is found. With the help of industrial development human beings have developed a lot and also polluted a lot.
As a result a danger to the Ozone layer has arisen. Holes have been found in Ozone layers, and as a result the ultra violet rays have started coming to earth through the holes, which influence badly human beings, animals and plants.
Gases like Chlorine, Florine and Bromine are the main Ozone depleting gases besides chloroflorocarbon (CFC) which are used in industrial units. These are used in refrigerators; airconditiners, plastic industries, and electronic and optical industries, chloroflorocarbon is formed from the atoms of Chlorine, Florine and Carbon. All the three elements are reaching the Ozone layer in large quantity.
The ultra-violet rays of the Sun separate the Chlorine from the chloroflorocarbon. The same Chlorine reacts with Ozone and turns it into Oxygen, thus weakening the Ozone layer and the ultra violet rays are able to reach the earth’s surface.
Currently, European Union, USA, Argentina, Chile and Australia are in danger due to Ozone depletion.
The harmful effects of the Ozone layer include skin cancer due to ultra violet rays. Ultra violet rays also increase the temperature of the earth which can melt the ice-bergs, raising the sea level which can submerge the islands and the coastal areas.
The international efforts to stop the Ozone depletion include Vienna Conference (1985) and Montreal Protocol (1989). Various agreements have been signed against the production of Ozone depleting elements in these conferences.
Moreover in the London Conference (1990) decision was taken to stop production of CFL. Still every nation needs to implement the above-mentioned treaties honestly; especially the developing nations need to be more aware in this regard.
Today the development of Ozone-Friendly technology and transfer of this technique to the developing nations is essential.
6. Terrorism sources in Pakistan and Afghanistan
Whether it’s, 9/11, the Bali bombs, Indian parliament attack or Mumbai local train blast, Pakistan is always the connection. That’s gotta raise some questions.
The roots of Pakistan’s reputation as a haven for jihadists run deep. It was, after all, in the city of Peshawar that Al-Qaeda was born after ISI, Pakistan’s military intelligence, started to recruit Arabs to fight in the Afghan jihad.
It was ISI that turned the Taliban from a bunch of religious students into a movement that took over Afghanistan. According to Hamid Karzai, president of Afghanistan, ISI continues to provide a safe haven, training them to fight British soldiers in Helmand.
According to one source, in 1987, 90% of all reported terrorist activities worldwide were located in Pakistan. Intelligence agencies around the world have long suspected Pakistan as the source of extremism, and terrorism.
The culture of unregulated madrassas have made Pakistan ideally situated to house terrorist training camps that carry out operations in South Asia and around the world. Pakistan has between 10000 and 40000 religious schools or madrassas.
A small number of these are supposed to provide military training which give inspiration to European extremists of South Asian descent. Pakistan has used Islamist militants to fight its wars in Afghanistan and Kashmir.
7. India and China: Strategy to Boost Ties
The Chinese revolution under Mao Zedong took place in 1949. India was the first country to recognize communist china. It was on India’s initiative that China has taken part in Afro-Asian conference at Ban dung in 1955.
But due to political difference over border disputes, Dalailama issue, Tibet issue and Sino- Indian war in 1962 that differences cropped up between both nations.
With the coming of Globalisation and visit of Rajiv Gandhi in 1988 restarted the fresh engagement between both. During the visit Jiang Zemin, the Chinese president in 1996 the agreement on peace and tranquility along the border was signed.
During the visit of Vajpayee in 2003 the special representative for border dispute and settlement were appointed. It was in 2005, that historic strategic agreement was signed between India and China, when Chinese premier Jiang Zemin visited India. An agreement on guiding principles for parameters on border settlement was also signed.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Beijing in January 2008. During his visit a document on “Shared visit for 21sl century” was signed.
Since last decade, bilateral trade between both nations has witnessed higher rate of growth and target of $ 60 Billion is fixed by year 2010. A joint study group has also been constituted to look at feasibilities of Regional trade agreement between both nations. China has also got observer status in SAARC.
All these progresses are testimony to the fact that now both nations started giving more importance to geo-economic than geo-politics.
The people to people contact, cultural exchange programmes, student exchange programmes has increased between both. Both countries have also increased joint military cooperation also. Recently a Joint military exercise was also held between two.
Both countries are also engaged with each other on various forums like East Asian Summit, ASEAN, BR1C and TROIKA of Russia, India, and China.
Both countries need to cooperate with other to extract maximum benefits from WTO and agreements related to global warming and climate change. India believes in one China policy’ and has promised china that anti-China agitations by Tibations will not be allowed on Indian soil.
But acrimony between both countries remain on Tibet issue, clandestine Nuclear help to Pakistan by China, military encirclement of India by China by providing military aid to India’s Neighbouring countries, military modernisation programme of China is alleged to tame India, stand of China on Arunachal Pradesh is still uncertain.
In conclusion It can be stated both nations should keep engage themselves on Economic lines so that the trust deficit which is still persisting at political level can be overcome in near future. The development and cooperation among both nations can lead to 21st century as Asian century.
8. Dumping
In case of over-production of any goods their prices go down in the market even lower than the stipulated lowest prices.
In such a condition, these kinds of goods are sold in foreign markets at thrown away prices some times. They are almost destroyed for the manufacturing country. This process is called dumping. Sometimes for the betterment of the producers and to stop falling prices of goods in the market dumping is done.
The under-developed countries resort to dumping their additional produce in the developing countries like India. In such conditions, in India, to conserve the production of the regional farmers, a quantitative restriction is put and otherwise higher income tax is incurred.
These days according to the recommendations of the World Trade Organisation, the quantitative restriction has been abolished and a huge decrease in income tax was also being done.
In such a scenario, to solve the problem of dumping Indian Government has taken certain steps. For this under commerce ministry an organisation called “Directorate of Anti Dumping” has been established. This organisation keeps an eye on the matters related to dumping and various taxes.
Under WTO, those countries which are influenced by dumping can adopt preventive measures. India has taken advantage and it has adopted the measures to provide preservation to its produce through “Anti Dumping Duty”.
Likewise to end the problem of dumping, India has started giving subsidy to its farmers so that they can increase their produce and the dumping of food stuff by the under developed countries can end. By counter vailing duty and special additional surcharges dumping can be checked.
9. Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy
The Directive Principles of the state policy and the Fundamental Rights are not mutually excluded from each other; rather they are complementary to each other.
Still there are certain differences between the DPSPs and the Fundamental Rights. They are :
(a) By providing the Fundamental Rights to the citizens, the democratic political system has been established, whereas by the implementation of the DPSPs the economic welfare of the state is established.
(b) Fundamental Rights are subjected to court of law at any point of time if anybody feels that his Fundamental Rights are being violated, and then, he can take the help of court. On the other hand DPSPs are not subjected to the court of law.
(c) During emergency except the rights mentioned in Art. 20, Art. 22, all other fundamental rights can be suspended. Whereas the DPSPs can never be suspended under any condition.
(d) Fundamental Rights are assumed negatively sometimes because in some cases they restrict the activities of the states. On the other hand, DPSPs are always affirmative because they direct the states for the definite activity.
(e) The scope of DPSPs is more, comparatively to Fundamental Rights. In DPSPs, the political, administrative, and economic and subjects like international peace are also included.
Till now, lots of activities have been done for the implementation of the DPSPs by both the centre and the states. The main purpose of the addition of the 9th schedule is the equal distribution of wealth.
By the 25th amendment of the constitution, the maintenance of the conclusions, mentioned in Art. 39(3) have been made. Likewise by the 73rd amendment of the Constitution, the Panchayati Raj system has been implemented and the DPSPs were implemented.
Compulsory education for children between the age of group of 6- 14 was made sure with the 86th amendment of the Constitution. In the state level in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan etc. child education and Panchayati Raj systems are the noticeable works done.
10. The conditions of the urban poor are more deplorable than that of their rural counterparts
Urbanization is increasing in India. In urban places population is also increasing. This is because of increase in migration from rural areas.
People are migrating from rural areas to urban areas in search of employment or education. The people who are entering in skill jobs is good. But the life of the unskilled labours is very miserable in the urban areas.
The unskilled labourers are included in the lower layer of the urban areas. Those people have to stay in the outskirts of the city or they will be staying in the slum areas.
In urban areas living cost is very high compared to rural areas. Therefore, slums are increasing in urban areas. These slums are not having proper sanitation, no drinking water facility, no electricity. Not only that these will be made to vacate the place anytime.
In urban areas they are not having constant employment. Some of them they are working in hazardous environment which affects their health. These people are more exposed to the polluted environment.
In rural areas people are there in their friendly environment. Cost of living is low. Most of them are employed in agriculture or allied work culture. They are not exposed to the polluted environment.
If we compare rural and urban poor people, the condition of rural poor people is better than the urban poor. No developmental programmes are reaching this urban poor properly. Most of the programmes are for rural poor people. The rural poor are more benefited than the urban poor.
Therefore, we can say that the urban poor are more deplorable than that of their rural counterparts.