Normally, soaps are made by specification. When fats and alkalis are mixed, fats break into fatty acids and glycerin. Fatty acids along with alkalis form soap. This method is called specification. There are two methods of soap making:
(а) Cold method
(б) Hot method
(а) Cold method. This is a common household method of soap making. This method is not time-consuming.
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Ingredients:
1. 250 gm of caustic soda
2. 4 large cups of water
3. 1 kg of coconut oil
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4. 250 gm of gram flour
5. A wooden or earthen big bowl
6. Wooden spoon
Method:
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1. Dissolve caustic soda in water thoroughly.
2. Keep it for 4 hours undisturbed.
3. Add gram flour in coconut oil.
4. Mix both the solutions. Heat is produced in mixing and the process of saponification starts.
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5. After sometime, this mixture is transferred in moulds and allowed to solidify.
6. After solidification, cut it into cakes and allow it to dry in air.
(б) Hot method. This method is used in making soaps in bulk.
Method:
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1. Fats, oils, and alkalis are purified.
2. Fats, animal, or vegetables are melted in a large pan.
3. A dilute solution of caustic soda is added gradually and mixture is boiled by passing steam directly in the pan.
4. by the method of specification the soap is formed on the upper surface. Glee and other impurities are deposited the bottom.
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5. After removing the contents from the upper surface, the remaining solution heated after adding water.
6. Some more caustic soda is added.
7. This mixture is boiled with steam after adding brine solution to it.
8. It is kept as such for some time. Four layers are formed, the upper layer is made up of lather, second layer of so’ It is separated with the help of pipes a” adding colour and flavor. It is, then, cha into different forms like cakes, powder etc.
Washing powder or flakes
There many types of powder available in the mi kept, but they are alkaline and cheap. Flak is light and less alkaline. They are good F soft and delicate clothes.
Qualities of a good soap
To market life of clothes long and for maintaining grace they should be washed with good so’
1. Good soap should be clear and yellow White soap means it contains alkali large quantity.
2. Soap cake which is very soft is dissolve” very soon and is wasted. White hard” doesn’t dissolve easily and does not pro] duce lather for washing clothes.
3. Soft soaps contain more moisture hard soaps have large quantity of soda silicate which is harmful for clothes.
4. Good soap should be granular.
5. Excessive alkaline soaps are harmful, clothes.
Clothes should be washed in soft Hard water is not good for clothes as it ma the clothes an ‘ammonium’ is added to the hard water,” becomes soft but it makes the fibres weak is better to use detergents where the water’ hard because they have the capacity to call the cloth even in hard water.
Detergents
A large variety of detergents are available in the market these days; Washing is comparatively easy with detergents. These can be used both in cold a warm water. Bleaching and whitening agents are also added and does not require additional application of blue. This can be used in washing clothes in washing machine.