An inference which appears like an induction but is not really so is called process simulating induction. There are three such processes of simulating induction. They are

i) Perfect induction

ii) Parity of reasoning

iii) Colligation of facts Perfect Induction

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It is called induction by complete enumeration. It establishes an apparently general proposition by verifying every instance coming under it.

It is based on observation of facts

There is no inductive leap here.

Parity of reasoning:

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Whatever reasoning applies to a particular case will apply in every other similar case.

i) It is a deductive form of reasoning and it has nothing to do with observation of facts.

ii) There is no inductive leap here.

Colligation of facts:

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It is the act of binding together a set of observed facts by means of a suitable notion. Its characteristics are –

i. It is based on observation of facts.

ii. It has no inductive leap.

iii. It appears more deductive than inductive.

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There can be colligration in induction, classification, description and definition. FALLACY:

Fallacy means error in logical discourse. It is familiarly used in erroneous inferences.

Inductive fallacies are classified as non-inferential, inferential and extra-logical.

Fallacies listed in case of observation, hypothesis, explanation, classification etc. are non-inferential fallacies.