What are the structural features of bureaucracy according to Max Weber?

In the 1930s Max Weber, a German sociologist, wrote a rationale that described the bureaucratic form as being the ideal way of organizing government agencies.

Max Weber’s principles spread throughout both public and private sectors. Even though Weber’s writings have been widely discredited, the bureaucratic form lives on. Weber noted six major principles.

(i) A formal hierarchical structure: Each level controls the level below and is controlled by the level above. A formal hierarchy is the basis of central planning and centralized decision-making.

(ii) Management by rules: Controlling by rules allows decisions made at high levels to be executed consistently by all lower levels.

(iii) Organization by functional specialty: Work is to be done by specialists, and people are organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have.

(iv) An “up-focused” or “in-focused” mission: If the mission is described as “up-focused,” then the organization’s purpose is to serve the stockholders, the board, or whatever agency empowered it. If the mission is to serve the organization itself, and those within it, e.g., to produce high profits, to gain market share, or to produce a cash stream, then the mission is described as “in-focused.”

(v) Purposely impersonal: The idea is to treat all employees equally and customers equally, and not be influenced by individual differences.

(iv) Employment based on technical qualifications: (There may also be protection from arbitrary dismissal.)

The bureaucratic form, according to Parkinson, has another attribute. (vii) Predisposition to grow in staff “above the line.” Weber failed to notice this, but C. Northcote Parkinson found it so common that he made it the basis of his humorous “Parkinson’s law.” Parkinson demonstrated that the management and professional staff tends to grow at predictable rates, almost without regard to what the line organization is doing.

The bureaucratic form is so common that most people accept it as the normal way of organizing almost any endeavour. People in bureaucratic organizations generally blame the ugly side effects of bureaucracy on management, or the founders, or the owners, without awareness that the real cause is the organizing form.