Domestication :

The process of bringing certain plants and animals under human management. Presently, the field of agriculture is the result of continuous and progressive researches in various branches of agricultural sciences.

Genotype :

Genotype is the genetic set up of an organism. It is responsible for performance of an organism. The degree of genotype expression depends upon the environment.

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Phenotype :

Morphology and performance of a crop or domesticated animal is called phenotype which depends upon two factors i.e., genotype/heredity and environment.

The environment includes all living and non­living factors with which an individual or the variety interacts. The environmental factors include climatic, edaphic, topographical and biotic factors.

Maximisation of food production would involve the improvement in crop or animal genotypes, as well as the environments under which the crops and animals are raised.

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Improved management practices :

These practices are undertaken to modify the environment for maximising the yield of crops and animals.

(a) Improved management practices for crops:

i.e., preparation of soil (through ploughing, levelling, manuring etc.), good quality of certified seeds (may be treated with fungicide to check seed borne or soil borne infection), sowing (at proper depth place and time), nutrients (manure, compost, fertilisers etc.), irrigation, weeding, crop protection (from pests and pathogens), multiple cropping, crop rotation etc.

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(b) Improved management practices for domesticated animals:

Shelter (well lighted, ventilated and spacious), feed (optimum quality and quantity), drinking water (clean fresh water), washing and grooming (periodically), disinfection (periodically), vaccination, sick animals (should be separated and treated) etc.