Kamal Pasha was determined to make Turkey a westernized power and therefore carried out far reaching reforms in various fields. These reforms may be conveniently studied under the following heads:

1. Military Reforms.

First of all, Kamal Pasha tried to rebuild Turkey’s military power. It may be observed that in doing so Ateturk was motivated by any ambition to conquer new territories or even to recon­quer what had been lost. He merely wanted to ensure that the other power should not be encouraged to take advantage of the weak position of Turkey, as they had done in the past.

Soon after the Treaty of Lausanne he reorganized the Turkish army on modern lines He changed their uniform and provided them with sophisticated equipments. He laid spe­cial emphasis on training and education of military officers and tries to inculcate qualities of initiative.

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They were provided technical instructions in railway, transport, wireless, telephone, telegraphy etc. He made the artillery up-to-date and reorganized the air services. In view of the extensive coast line to Anatolia he also tried to develop navy. Huge funds were earmarked for provision of equipments and war munition.

He invited foreign experts to assist the General Staff in solving the problem of sup­plying necessary war material in the event of national danger. He requisi­tioned the services of a German Admiral for the reorganization of Turkish navy. Through all these reforms Kamal Pasha created an excellent Turkish force.

2. Economic Reforms.

In the economic sphere Mustapha Kamal Pasha adopted a new policy and the government was called upon to play a leading role in the development of country’s resources. He did not favour the Soviet system of trade monopoly and also avoided industrial enter­prises on the European lines.

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He insisted that all the industrial companies operating with foreign capital must have national capital to the extent of 50 per cent. He introduced state regulations for export of products and international importance such as tobacco.

Kamal tried to encourage industrialization by making certain conces­sions. He encouraged the home and foreign manufacturers to introduce machinery by permitting them to import the same duty free. He also permitted them freight concession of 30 per cent for transport of material by railways.

The vital industries were exempted from taxation for the first ten years or given tax concessions.

He set up a Supreme Economic Council at Angora under the supervision of economic experts to keep a watch on the execution of vast economic plans of reconstruction and to suggest necessary reforms. He also set up national commercial banks in Turkey for the first time.

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Kamal also tried to develop railways. At the commencement of his rule there were hardly any railways in Turkey, except the main line to Angora and Baghdad etc. As foreign investors were not willing to under­take construction of railways as it was not profitable, he decided to con­struct the railways through the state.

The government prosecuted the schemes of railway construction with great enthusiasm. Kamal also paid attention to the construction and improvement of harbours.

Some of the important ports which were constructed or improved included Con­stantinople, Samsun, Eregli, Anatolia, Ineboli, Amasra, Trebizond, Mersina etc. The construction of roads was also undertaken in a big way and latest techniques were adopted for the construction and maintenance? of national roads.

Kamal also paid attention to the development of public works and built new quarters, villas and offices in large number. Attention was also paid to drainage and water supply. The building programme launched by Kamal opened up fresh avenues for employment and provided work to thousands of workers.

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3. Agricultural Reforms.

Kamal also made efforts to improve agricul­ture. Realising that compared to the vast area under cultivation the crops were not, good. He, therefore, tried to increase food production to meet the requirements of growing population.

He also encouraged cultivation of tobacco, cotton, flux, opium, figs and raisins which commanded ready market in other countries. He tried to encourage cattle breeding, sheep- rearing and dairy industry and set up various experimental agricultural stations, arranged cattle shows and promoted co-operative societies to present exploitation of peasants. Though these reforms appear to be quite impressive and tthey were not fully successful.

He paid atteaf ion to the exploitation of natural resources and minerals of the country and invited foreign capital for this purpose. On account of his efforts the rich chromium deposits of western Anatolia, the copper mines of Arghana, and coal fields near Zongaldak and Djidde were ex­ploited.

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The other mineral resources which were exploited included the salt, ores of silver, lead, mercury, antimony, manganese and boracite. Even oil explorations were undertaken and oil was exported.

Thus there was hardly any economic aspect which escaped the notice of Kamal. As a result of his economic reforms Turkey made great eco­nomic progress.