The period from 1650 to 1775 is known in European history as an era of absolute monarchs. During this period different parts of Europe wit­nessed the emergence of strong monarchies. The kings believed in theory of Divine Rights of Monarchs and claimed absolute power over people. In the words of Swain, “during this period, the prince was the source of political power, the fountain of justice, the owner of the state and the overseer of all intellectual activities.”

The best specimen of absolute monarchy was the French King Louis XIV, who claimed ‘I am the state’. A notable feature of these absolute monarchies was that some of the monarchs acted as benevolent despots. They possessed a progressive outlook and tried to promote the welfare and well-being of their subjects.

Some of the despotic rulers of Europe who also tried to promote the interests of their subjects include Frederick the Great of Prussia, Peter the Great of Russia, Charles III of Spain, and Joseph II of Austria. During their rule trade, business, industry and commerce flourished.

They also patronized learning and fine arts. In short, their rule was characterized by order, efficiency, security and prosperity and people rendered them willing obedience because they were fed up with the uncertainties or upheaval and bloodshed which had been a feature of the preceding centuries when prolonged religious wars took place.