(a) Formed by the breaking-up of volcanic rocks mainly basalt. It has been formed in situ, i.e., they are formed where they are found.
(b) Found in Maharashtra, M.P., Gujarat (Deccan Trap).
(c) Main characteristics are:
(i) Black in colour due to its iron content.
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(ii) Clayey in nature.
(iii) Rich in iron, lime, calcium and magnesium.
(iv) It is moisture retentive.
(v) When dry it develops cracks but when wet it becomes sticky.
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(vi) Deficient in nitrogen, phosphorous and organic matter.
(d) Crops grown are: cotton, sugar cane, wheat and tobacco.