Singh (l 994, p. 87) has also tried to measure agricultural labour productivity in terms of agricultural output (in rupees) per agricultural worker for the years 1981 and 1991. In general the productivity patterns are more or less similar to that of land productivity.
(a) Very High Labour Productivity: (> Rs. 1500/person)
This includes two areas: (1) Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, fertile desert land of Rajasthan and the Kachchh-Kathiawar areas of Gujarat where Green Revolution technology is dominant. Here intensive irrigation, diversified cropping pattern, commercialisation in agriculture, bio-chemical technology, better labour-wage conditions and high land- labour ratio have led to high labour productivity. (2) West Bengal (except the northern hilly parts), the coastal Tamil Nadu and south-western Maharashtra where the immediate food demand of the urban population of metropolitan cities and, consequently, high production prices, and the paddy-dominating mono-cropping patterns of intensive cultivation (three crops in a year) are responsible for high labour productivity.
(b) Low and Very Low Labour Productivity (< Rs. 750/ person)
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This incorporates (a) northern Bihar, coastal Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Assam characterised by high density and fast growth of population and weak land-labour ratio, (b) the Vidarbha and Marathwada regions of interior Maharashtra suffering wide spread deforestation, heavy soil erosion and low level of agricultural productivity, (c) the interior parts of Karnataka where rugged topographic and arid climatic conditions stabilize the level of agricultural productivity, diversify the cropping patterns and compel the labour to migrate towards cities, (d) Telangana of the interior Andhra Pradesh where backwardness and low level of labour productivity prevail due to concentration of all industries and infrastructure only in and around the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, (e) the Malwa plateau including central parts of Madhya Pradesh where crop intensity as well as agricultural productivity is recorded low because of diversified labour structure, and (f) the Chotanagpur covering the areas of Jharkhand, interior Orissa and Chhattisgarh characterised by tribal culture and low level of agricultural productivity.
(c) Medium Labour Productivity (Rs. 750-1500/person)
This includes central and eastern Uttar Pradesh, eastern Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh, western parts of Tamil Nadu, western Karnataka, northern Maharashtra and eastern Rajasthan. Here conditions are moderate to allow medium labour productivity.
The causes of low agricultural pt may be grouped under three categories: ( earl-high pressure of population, illitr backwardness amongst farmers, inadequacy farm services; (2) Institutional-small size (defective) pattern of land tenure; Technological-obsolete system of farm facility of irrigation, and less use of fertilise and new farm machineries.