What are exceptions to the general rule that master is not liable for the wrongs of the independent contractor?

There are certain exceptions to the general rule that master is not liable for the wrongs of the independent contractor.

These exceptions are:

(a) An employer is liable for the act of an independent contractor in cases of strict liability (Rylands Vs. Fletcher)

(b) If employer authorizes independent contractor an illegal act and ratifies the same then employer can be held liable for the same.

(c) If an employer hands over extra hazardous work, to an independent contractor then em­ployer will be liable for tort arising thereof.

(d) The employer is also liable for danger created on highways i.e., hanging of lamp post and nuisance in the form of withdrawal of support from neighbours land.